Monday, 21 October 2013

Representation Theory

Representation Theory

Media re-presents the world we already know to us. On one hand media is showing us how life really is and on the other educating us on how it should really be. You could say media dictates representations not just reflects society. 
The main representations in media are:
  1. Masculinity
  2. Femininity
  3. Social class
  4. Sexuality
  5. Race and Ethnicity
  6. National Identity
  7. Age
Hegemonic Cultural Stereotyping

Media reinforces and circulates traditional representations and re-presents them to an audience as a common sense, for example, men and women should behave in a certain way:
  • Masculinity- Bruce Willis in Die Hard, James Bond
  • Femininity- weak and vulnerable female characters, female victim 
  • Social Class- stereotype of Hugh Grant as a middle class twit in Notting Hill
  • Sexuality- Graham Norton, hyper real camp representation
  • Race and Ethnicity- Ali G, extreme exaggerated Asian stereotype
  • National Identity- Combo in  This is England
























Wednesday, 16 October 2013

Representation of men in Thriller

Representation of men in Thriller

In the thriller genre the way that gender is represented is stereotypical. In most films under the thriller genre the male is depicted as the hero, protagonist or antagonist whilst the female is usually seen to be the victim or in aid of help. However, females are also shown as the hero's side kick, someone able to help fight the antagonist. In the thriller genre females are usually depicted as a sex symbol or a sexual attraction for the male protagonist.


World War Z (2013) Poster

"Life for former United Nations investigator Gerry Lane and his family seems content. Suddenly, the world is plagued by a mysterious infection turning whole human populations into rampaging mindless zombies. After barely escaping the chaos, Lane is persuaded to go on a mission to investigate this disease. What follows is a perilous trek around the world where Lane must brave horrific dangers and long odds to find answers before human civilization falls."

http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0816711/





In World War Z we see a typical representation of the male gender. Brad Pitt plays the independent protagonist.

Men are normally depicted as both physically and mentally strong, they are seen to be emotionless. In media terminology the majority of heros in thriller films are 'average Joes' meaning they are normal men that find themselves in dangerous situation and must use their masculine advantages to help solve the quest.

However, we also have a subversive representation of gender in thriller. An example of where we see this is in the film Mr & Mrs Smith. This is mainly a subversive representation of the female gender, stereotypically women are seen to be vulnerable and weak. Whereas, in Mr & Mrs Smith we see the woman equal to the male character, we even see her sometimes going above and beyond the male character. 






"John and Jane Smith are a normal married couple, living a normal life in a normal suburb, working normal jobs...well, if you can call secretly being assassins "normal". But neither Jane nor John knows about their spouse's secret, until they are surprised to find each other as targets! But on their quest to kill each other, they learn a lot more about each other than they ever did in five (or six) years of marriage."
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0356910/














Monday, 14 October 2013

Film rating

Film rating
 
All classification decisions are based on the BBFC's published and regularly updated Guidelines. The Guidelines are the product of extensive public consultation, research and the accumulated experience of the BBFC over many years. They reflect current views on film, DVD and video game regulations.  
 
 
In theory, anyone can see a U or a PG, although you and your parents and teachers are encouraged to think carefully about whether a PG film will be suitable for you if you are younger than 8 or 9 years old.
With 12A films you must be 12 or older to go and see them, unless you have an adult with you. It is up to that grown-up to decide that you won’t be upset or disturbed by anything you see.
Anyone wanting to release a film, video or DVD for showing in cinemas or watching at home has to make sure that their film has a BBFC age rating symbol. It's against the law to try and sell videos and DVDs without this. Films that you see at the cinema also have to display the right rating.
 

Age rating issues for U

•  Theme/Topics - Films and DVDs should be about subjects which are generally suitable for younger audiences.
•  Language – At the most there may be occasional very mild bad language.
•  Nudity - There can be occasional glimpses of people who have no clothes on, as long as they are not linked to romantic activities.
•  Sex and relationships - Only mild references (e.g. to 'making love') and mild behaviour (e.g. kissing) are allowed.
•  Violence and Threat - Mild violence only. Some mild threat and menace is allowed.
•  Dangerous Behaviour - There should be no dangerous behaviour that can be easily copied by young children.
•  Weapons - There should be no focus on weapons that are realistic or easy to get hold of.
•  Horror - Moments with ghosts, witches and monsters should be over quickly and not be too scary. Nothing at U should really frighten or disturb young viewers. The    film or DVD should tell children that everything is okay.
•  Drugs - Drugs should not be mentioned, unless the film or DVD teaches that drugs are dangerous.
•  Discrimination - There can be no language or behaviour shown that would offend a person’s religion, colour, gender, sexuality or disability, unless the film or DVD teaches it to be wrong.
 

 

Age rating issues for PG

•  Theme/Topics - Films and DVDs may be about more grown up topics such as crime, racism, bullying or violence in the home. There must be nothing which suggests these are good things.
•  Language - Mild bad language only.
•  Nudity - Some nudity is allowed, but not if it is linked to romantic activities.
•  Sex and Relationships - Sex can be mentioned, suggested or joked about, but only discreetly.
•  Violence and Threat - There can be stronger violence than at U, but without detail. Violence which takes place in a comedy, fantasy, or historical film may be treated less strictly.
•  Dangerous Behaviour - There should be no detail of fighting techniques or other harmful and dangerous activities that children might easily copy.
•  Weapons - There should be no focus on weapons that are realistic or easy to get hold of. Weapons should not be made to look attractive.
•  Horror - Frightening scenes should not be too long or scary. Scary scenes which are part of a fantasy film may be treated less strictly.
•  Drugs - There should be no mention of illegal drugs or drug taking unless completely harmless, or the film carries an anti-drug message.
•  Discrimination - There can be no language or behaviour shown that would offend a person’s religion, colour, gender, sexuality or disability, unless the film or DVD teaches it to be wrong or is presented within a film that is educational or showing historical scenes. Discrimination by a character who is seen as a hero by the audience is also unlikely to be allowed.



 



Age rating issues for 12A & 12

•    Theme - Mature themes are acceptable, but their treatment must be suitable for young teenagers.
•    Language - The use of strong language (e.g. 'f***') must be infrequent. Racist language used as abuse is also a concern.
•    Nudity - Nudity is allowed, but it must be brief and discreet if there is any suggestion of sex.
•    Sex - Sex can be suggested. Sex references may reflect what 12 year olds are likely to have heard about from school, but there should be nothing unsuitable for young teenagers. Frequent rude sex references may not be allowed.
•    Violence - Violence must not dwell on injuries or blood. Sexual violence may only be implied or briefly and discreetly indicated.
•    Imitable techniques - Dangerous techniques (e.g. combat, hanging, suicide and self-harming) should not dwell on things which can be copied or appear pain or harm free. Easily accessible weapons should not be shown as glamorous.
•    Horror - There can be some threat and menace, including scary scenes which are intense or last a while. Only occasional gory moments can be shown.
•    Drugs - Any misuse of drugs must be infrequent and should not be shown as glamorous, or attractive, or teach viewers how to take drugs.
•    Discrimination - The film or DVD as a whole must not approve of language or behaviour that would offend a person’s religion, colour, gender, sexuality or disability. Aggressive use of this type of language and behaviour is unacceptable unless it is clearly disapproved of.

 

General / Age rating issues at 18

18 rated films, videos and downloads can contain very strong material which is only suitable for adults.
This can include very strong language, horror, and violence.













 

Monday, 7 October 2013

Three Act Structure

Three Act Structure

Act 1- the first quarter of a film, used to set the scene and open the film.
Exposition- characters are introduced showing there relationships with each other.
Main characters- the person who's action drives the story
Dramatic premise - the story line
Dramatic Situation -  the circumstances surrounding the action
Inciting Incident - an event that triggers the plot of the film in motion. Approximately 15 minutes through the first act.
Act Two- the following two quarters of the film:
Obstacles - in the second act, the main character is held back by multiple obstacles that prevents him from achieving his goal.
First Culmination - just before half way through the film where the main character seems close to achieving his or her goal/objective. Dramatically everything falls apart, leading to the midpoint.
Midpoint - halfway through the film where the main character reaches his/her lowest point and seems far from fulfilling the dramatic goal.
Act Three- final quarter of the film.
Climax (Second Culmination) - The point at which the plot reaches its maximum tension and the forces in opposition confront each other at a peak of a physical or emotional action.
Denouement - a brief period of calm at the end of a film where a state of equilibrium returns.















Audience Research

Audience Research

How do we measure media audiences?
  • Sales
  • Subscriptions
  • Rating
  • Figures 
Who measures audiences?
New Media
There are many knew ways we connect with social media. Through Facebook, Twitter, online forums and YouTube.    
There are two main types of research:
  1. Quantitative- questionnaires, number based, very factual, closed questions to generate exact questions.
  2. Qualitative- interviews and focus groups, these are more reliable.
Considering audiences
Audience Engagement- this describes how an audience interacts with media text. Different people react in different ways to the same text.
Audience Expectations- these are the ideas the audience have in advance of seeing a media text. This particularly applies to genre pieces. Don't forget producers continually play with or shatter audience expectations.  

Sunday, 6 October 2013

Audiences

Audiences

An individual or collective group of people who read or consume any media text. Texts are produced with audiences in mind, film producers always ask themselves 'Does it have an audience?' If yes then the producers continue to produce the film. I there is no audience then there is no profit. The mass media is becoming more competitive than ever to attract larger audiences in different ways and to stay profitable.  
Katz and Blumler proposed from their research into audience behaviour that audiences use media texts for a variety of reasons.
They believed these were the reasons:
  1. Information- Hello magazine- this helps our knowledge or recent affairs and events.
  2. Personal Identity- Newspaper- Twitter as you reinforce your personal values.
  3. Integration and Social Interaction- Television soaps- People want a break from their normal lives to empathise with other people in similar or other situations than themselves.
Impact of New Technology on Audience
Old media which used to have high audience numbers must now work harder to maintain audience numbers.
Digital technology has also led to an increasing uncertainty over how we define an audience, with the general agreement that a large group of people reading the same thing at the same time is outdated and that audiences are now 'fragmented'.

Demographic- age, race, gender, class/status and nationality
Psychographic- interests, beliefs and hobbies

Mass audience- often termed 'broadcast audience'. Those who consume mainstream or popular texts such as soaps or sitcoms. Media and communication that targets a very large group of people.



Niche audience-  much smaller but very influential. A niche audience is a small, select group of people with unique interests.




Audience research is a major part of any media company's work. They use questionnaires, focus groups, pre-film screening and spend a great deal of time and money finding out who would be interested in their product.
The link above showns me how audiences are categorized, for example:
Group A- Lawyers, Doctors, Scientists and well paid professionals
Group B- Teachers, middle management and fairly well paid professionals
Group C1- Junior management, bank clerks, nurses and 'white collar' professions
Group C2- electricians, plumbers, carpenters and 'blue collar' professions
Group D- manual workers, drivers, post sorters
Group E- student, unemployment, pensioners

Thursday, 3 October 2013